Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

In-text citation

(Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024)

ChatGPT and artificial intelligence

The Chicago styles recommends that references to ChatGPT and other similar services are treated the same way as personal communication. Personal communication and text generated by large language models cannot be reproduced or found, and they should therefore not appear in the reference list.

Interview

Interviews are usually cited under the name of the interviewee rather than the interviewer.

In-text citation

(Buolamwini 2023)

Reference list entry